Código DOI:
10.15691/07194714.2018.006
Páginas
35-65
Publicado
dic 31, 2018
Palabras Claves
Resumen
[5] La aspiración a garantizar un acceso universal y equitativo a energías modernas y no contaminantes, y más específicamente la noción de ‘pobreza energética’, ha ido cobrando relevancia como objetivo de política social durante los últimos años. Sin embargo, carece todavía de una reflexión acabada sobre las justificaciones y consideraciones económicas que podrían motivar y guiar iniciativas públicas en esta dirección, sobre todo en Chile. Aunque los defectos en la provisión privada de energía pueden sentar las bases para una intervención estatal en el sector, no alcanzan para justificar estándares mínimos de consumo como aquellos requeridos por la idea de pobreza energética. Por el contrario, dichos estándares se condicen con una comprensión de la energía como un bien meritorio, a propiciarse con independencia de las preferencias de sus beneficiarios. Esto se hace más evidente al considerar el creciente énfasis, otorgado por la literatura especializada, a transitar desde definiciones limitadas de pobreza energéticas –asociadas a la falta de oportunidades económicas o tecnológicas para el acceso a la energía– hacia comprensiones más integrales y multidimensionales del fenómeno. Estas últimas comprenden la pobreza energética en términos de la efectiva capacidad de toda persona y hogar para acceder a servicios energéticos adecuados para satisfacer sus necesidades, lo que implica poner énfasis sobre la igualación de los beneficios que la energía concretamente proporciona a sus usuarios, en lugar de la mera igualación de la oportunidad de acceder a los servicios energéticos que el mercado ofrece. Esto otorga una incrementada relevancia a la incorporación de los recientes hallazgos que la economía conductual ofrece respecto a la comprensión e intervención en los contextos, hábitos y decisiones de consumo de las personas, de las cuales dichos beneficios dependen.
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[1] Candidato a Doctor en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas, e Investigador Joven del Centro de Investigación Modelos de Crisis, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. Asistente de Investigación del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 e Investigador de la Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile. Magíster en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Licenciado en Economía, Universitá Commerciale L. Bocconi, Milano, Italia.
[2] Coordinadora Ejecutiva de la Red de Pobreza Energética. Tesista del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y estudiante del Magíster en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Antropóloga Social, Universidad de Chile.
[3] Investigador de la Red de Pobreza Energética y de NEST, tesista del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Estudiante del Magister en Gestión y Políticas Públicas, Universidad de Chile. Sociólogo, Universidad de Chile.
[4] Directora de la Red de Pobreza Energética, Investigadora Asociada del Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 y Académica de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile. Doctora en Sociología, Ludwig Maximilians Universität y PhD Environment and Society, Rachel Carson Center, München. Alemania. Magister en Antropología y Desarrollo, Universidad de Chile. Antropóloga Social, Universidad de Chile.
[5] La investigación relacionada con este artículo fue financiada por: CONICYT PFCHA - DOCTORADO NACIONAL 2017 – 21170615 // Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2 (FONDAP #1511009) // Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile // Magister en Análisis Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile. Adicionalmente, los autores quieren agradecer al Doctorado en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, en cuyo marco se ha desarrollado el presente artículo.
Citas
La investigación relacionada con este artículo fue financiada por: CONICYT PFCHA -
DOCTORADO NACIONAL 2017 – 21170615 // Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2
(FONDAP #1511009) // Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile // Magister en Análisis
Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile // FONDECYT N°11180824, CONICYT.
Adicionalmente, los autores quieren agradecer al Doctorado en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, en cuyo marco se ha desarrollado el presente artículo.
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DOCTORADO NACIONAL 2017 – 21170615 // Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR)2
(FONDAP #1511009) // Red de Pobreza Energética, Universidad de Chile // Magister en Análisis
Sistémico aplicado a la Sociedad, Universidad de Chile // FONDECYT N°11180824, CONICYT.
Adicionalmente, los autores quieren agradecer al Doctorado en Procesos e Instituciones Políticas de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, en cuyo marco se ha desarrollado el presente artículo.
Aluchna, M. y Aras, G. 2015. Transforming Governance: New Values, New Systems in the New Business Environment. Surrey, UK: Gower Publishing.
Mani, A., Shafir, E. Mullainathan, S. y Zhao, J. 2013. Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function. Science 341, 976-80.
Arrow, K.J. 1963. Uncertainty and The Welfare Economics of Medical Care. The American Economic Review 53(5), 941-73.
Arrow, K.J. 1997. Invaluable Goods. Journal of Economic Literature 35(2), 757-65.
Atkinson, A. 2015. Inequality. What Can Be Done? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Atkinson, A.B. y Stiglitz, J.E. 2015. Lectures on Public Economics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ Press.
Banerjee, A. y Duflo, E. 2011. Poor economics: A radical rethinking of the way to fight global poverty. New York: Public Affairs.
Barnes, D.F. y Floor, W.M. 1996. Rural energy in developing countries: a challenge for economic development. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 21, 497-530.
Barnes, D.F., Khandker, S.R. y Samad, H.A. 2011. Energy poverty in rural Bangladesh. Energy Policy 39(2), 894-904.
Barnicoat, G. y Danson, M. 2015. The ageing population and smart metering: A field study of householders’ attitudes and behaviours towards energy use in Scotland. Energy Research & Social Science 9(SI), 107-15.
Barr, N. 1992. Economic Theory and the Welfare State: A Survey and Interpretation. The Journal of Economic Literature 30(2), 741-803.
Barrueto, C.M. 2014. Pobreza Energética, desafíos de política para Chile. Asuntos Públicos N° 1.160. Santiago, Chile: CED.
Bates, M.A., Glennerster, R. Gumede, K. y Duflo, E. 2012. The Price is Wrong. Field Actions Science Reports (S.I. 4), 30-7.
Behavioural Insights Team. 2016. Behaviour Change and Energy Use. Policy Paper. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60536/behaviour-change-and-energy-use.pdf [28 de septiembre de 2018]
Bhatia, M. y Angelou, N. 2014. Capturing the multidimensionality of energy access. Live Wire 16, The World Bank Group.
Bhattacharyya, S.C. 2012. Energy access programmes and sustainable development: A critical review and analysis. Energy for Sustainable Development 16(3), 260-71.
Birol, F. 2007. Energy Economics: A Place for Energy Poverty in the Agenda? The Energy Journal 28(3), 1-6.
Boardman, B. 1991. Fuel poverty: from cold homes to affordable warmth. London: Pinter Pub Limited.
Bollino, C. y Botti, F. 2017. Energy poverty in Europe: A multidimensional approach. PSL Quarterly Review 70(283), 473-507.
Borozan, D. 2018. Regional-level household energy consumption determinants: The european perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90, 347-55.
Bouzarovski, S. 2018. Energy Poverty. (Dis)Assembling Europe’s Infrastructural Divide, Online: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bouzarovski, S., Petrova, S. y Sarlamanov, R. 2012. Energy poverty policies in the EU: A critical perspective. Energy Policy 49, 76-82.
Bridge, B.A., Adhikari, D. y Fontenla, M. 2016. Electricity, income, and quality of life. Social Science Journal 53(1), 33-9.
Culver, L. 2017. Energy Poverty: what you measure matters. Proceedings of the Reducing Energy Poverty with Natural Gas: Changing Political, Business, and Technology Paradigms Symposium. Disponible en: https://ngi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/NGI_Metrics_LitReview%282-17%29.pdf [28 de septiembre de 2018]
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Day, R., Walker, G. y Simcock, N. 2016. Conceptualising energy use and energy poverty using a capabilities framework. Energy Policy 93, 255-64.
Dietz, T., Stern, P.C. y Weber, E.U. 2013. Reducing Carbon-Based Energy Consumption through Changes in Household Behavior. Winter 142(1), 78-89.
Duflo, E. 2012. Human Values and the Design of the Fight Against Poverty. Mahindra Humanities Tanner Lectures, Harvard University.
ESMAP. 2015. Beyond Connections. Energy access redefined. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.
Estenssoro, F.J. 2010. Crisis ambiental y cambio climático en la política global: un tema crecientemente complejo para América Latina. Universum 25(2), 57-77.
European Commission. 2018. Policies & Measures. The EU Energy Poverty Observatory. Disponible en: https://www.energypoverty.eu/policies-measures [13 de septiembre de 2018].
Filippin, C., Flores, S. y Ricard, F. 2018. Improvement of energy performance metrics for the retrofit of the built environment. Adaptation to climate change and mitigation of energy poverty. Energy and Buildings 165, 399-415.
Frankish, K. y Evans, J. 2009. The duality of mind: An historical perspective (1-30). En Evans, J. y Frankish, K. (eds.) In two minds: Dual processes and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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